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1 acts of providence
юр.действия сил природы; форсмажорные обстоятельства; форсмажор; непреодолимая сила; стихийные явления (обстоятельство, освобождающее от ответственности; оговаривается в договоре, контрактах и т.п.) -
2 wyrok
m (G wyroku) 1. (kara) sentence- łagodny/surowy/sprawiedliwy wyrok a mild/harsh/just a. fair sentence- wydać wyrok to pass a sentence, to pronounce a sentence- uchylić wyrok to set aside a sentence2. (orzeczenie sądu) verdict, judgement- wyrok skazujący/uniewinniający a guilty/innocent verdict3. przen. (ostateczna decyzja) verdict 4. zw. pl książk. decree- wyroki losu decree of fate, divine decree- □ wyrok prawomocny Prawo judgement in force, effective judgement- wyrok zaoczny Prawo judgement in default- wykonać wyrok Prawo to execute a sentence, to carry out a sentence* * *verdict, sentence* * *mizwł. prawn. sentence; (= werdykt) verdict; (= decyzja) ruling; wyrok skazujący sentence, conviction, verdict of guilty; wyrok uniewinniający verdict of not guilty, acquittal; wyrok zaoczny judgment by default; wyrok w zawieszeniu suspended sentence; odsiadywać wyrok serve a sentence, serve l. do time; ogłosić wyrok pronounce a sentence; wydawać wyrok (na kogoś) pass a sentence (on sb); wykonać wyrok execute a sentence; zawieszenie wykonania wyroku stay of execution.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wyrok
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3 act
1. n1) действие, поступок, акт, шаг2) акт, закон, постановление ( судебного органа), законодательство3) акт, документ•to block the passage of the act — мешать принятию акта / закона
to carry out an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт
to catch smb in the act of doing smth — поймать кого-л. в момент совершения чего-л.; брать кого-л. с поличным
to challenge an act — не подчиняться закону; бросать вызов закону
to commit an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт
to hold smb under the Prevention of Terrorism Act — задерживать кого-л. в соответствии с Законом о предотвращении терроризма
to hush up a criminal act — замять / скрыть преступный акт
to invoke an act — воспользоваться законом / актом
to pass an act — принимать акт / закон
to perform an act — совершать какое-л. действие / какой-л. акт
to prevent smb's act — пресекать чьи-л. действия
- Acquitted of Godto protest against smb's unilateral acts — протестовать / выступать против чьих-л. односторонних действий / шагов
- Act of Parliament
- act in law
- act is before the Parliament
- act of accession
- act of aggression
- act of amnesty
- act of barbarism
- act of betrayal
- act of deception
- act of defiance
- act of despair
- act of faith
- act of flexibility
- act of force
- act of good faith
- act of good will
- act of grace
- act of heroism
- act of homage
- act of hostage taking
- act of hostility
- act of humanity
- act of insubordination
- act of intimidation
- act of law
- act of lawlessness
- act of mutiny
- act of piracy
- act of Providence
- act of provocation
- act of public nature
- act of remembrance
- act of reprisal
- act of sabotage
- act of state
- act of terrorism
- act of treachery
- act of treason
- act of violence
- act of war
- act of worship
- act warranted by law
- administration of justice act
- Agents Identities Act
- aggressive act
- anti-labor act
- anti-social act
- Anti-Terrorism Act
- arbitrary act
- barbaric act
- barbarous act
- belligerent act
- brave act
- clear cut act
- Companies Act
- conciliatory act
- constituent act
- Corrupt Practices Act
- courageous act
- covert act
- criminal acts
- dangerous acts
- despicable acts
- discourteous acts
- epoch making act
- Equal Pay Act
- equitable acts
- ethical act
- Ethics in Government Act
- final act
- foolish act
- formal act
- Freedom of Information Act
- Government Official Secrets Act
- Hatch Act
- heroic act
- historic act
- hostile acts
- House of Commons Disqualification Act
- humane act
- illegal act
- immoral act
- impartial acts
- Industrial Relations Act
- infamous acts
- Internal Security Act
- international act
- international law act
- irresponsible acts
- justified acts
- lawful acts
- legal act
- legislative act
- legitimate acts
- Lend-Lease Act
- logical act
- magnanimous act
- noble act
- penal act
- perpetrator of a criminal act
- Prevention of Terrorism Act
- public act
- Public Order Act
- Race Relations Act
- rash acts
- Rent Act
- senseless act
- Separate Amenities Act
- Sex Discrimination Act
- Special Powers Act
- statesmanlike act
- statutory act
- Street Offences Act
- Suppression of Communism Act
- terrorist act
- thoughtful act
- under the act
- unfriendly act
- unilateral act
- unlawful act
- US Atomic Energy Act
- US Freedom of Information Act
- vile act
- violable act 2. vдействовать, поступать, вести себяto act against smb — действовать против кого-л.
to act as a go-between / as an intermediary / as a mediator — действовать / выступать в качестве посредника
to act at the behest of smb — действовать по чьему-л. научению
to act for smb — выполнять чьи-л. функции; действовать от чьего-л. лица / имени
to act illegally — поступать незаконно, совершать незаконные действия
to act in the execution of one's duties — действовать в соответствии со своими обязанностями
to act in the interests of smb — действовать / поступать в чьих-л. интересах
to act on smb's behalf / on behalf of smb — выполнять чьи-л. функции; действовать от чьего-л. лица / имени; действовать по поручению кого-л.
to act on the defensive — обороняться, защищаться
to act unlawfully — поступать незаконно, совершать незаконные действия
to act up to one's principles — действовать / поступать в соответствии со своими принципами / убеждениями
to act with the approval of smb — действовать с чьего-л. одобрения
to act with the knowledge of smb — действовать с чего-л. ведома
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4 act
1) действие, деяние | поступать, действовать2) закон3) акт, документ5) заносить, делать запись•act and intent concurred — совпадение действия и умысла во времени;
act as amended — закон в изменённой редакции;
act colore officii — действие, совершённое якобы в осуществление должностных правомочий;
act complained of — обжалуемое действие;
act constituting an offence — действие, составляющее преступление;
act done — совершённое, учинённое, осуществлённое действие;
act done willingly — действие, совершённое лицом по собственной воле;
act endangering life — действие, опасное для жизни;
act in furtherance of a crime — действие, совершённое в осуществление преступления;
act injurious to the public in general — действие, наносящее ущерб обществу в целом, общественно-вредное, общественно-опасное действие;
act in law — юридическое действие;
act in pais — акт, совершённый вне судебного заседания;
act involving public mischief — действие, причиняющее вред обществу;
acts jure gestionis — хозяйственная деятельность государства;
acts jure imperii — суверенная деятельность государства;
act malum in se — деяние, дурное само по себе и вредное по последствиям, независимо от наказуемости по закону; преступление, включающее в себя элемент аморальности;
act malum prohibitum — деяние, дурное лишь в силу запрещения позитивным правом; преступление, не включающее в себя элемента аморальности;
act not warranted by law — действие, не основанное на законе;
act on petition — упрощённое производство в Высоком суде Адмиралтейства;
act or omission — действие или бездействие;
act several times amended — закон, исправлявшийся более одного раза;
to act at one's authority — действовать по собственному почину, на свой страх и риск;
to act by authority — действовать по полномочию;
to do an act — совершить действие;
to do an act at peril — совершить действие на свой риск;
to act from mercenary motives — действовать из корыстных побуждений;
to act illegally — см. to act unlawfully;
to act in discharge of public duty — действовать во исполнение публичной обязанности;
to act in good faith — действовать добросовестно;
to act in loco parentis — действовать вместо родителей (о государстве, в отношении детей);
to act in reasonable good faith — действовать с разумной добросовестностью;
to act lawfully — действовать правомерно, законно;
to act legally — 1. действовать правомерно, законно 2. совершать поступки, действия, имеющие юридическое значение;
to act on the defensive — обороняться, защищаться;
to act pro se — действовать от собственного имени (напр. без представительства адвокатом);
to surprise someone in the act — застать кого-л. врасплох на месте преступления;
to act upon charge — действовать по поручению;
to act voluntarily — действовать добровольно, намеренно, умышленно;
- act of adjournalto act with the authority of law — действовать на основании закона;
- act of agression
- act of attainder
- act of bankruptcy
- act of civil status
- act of commission
- act of condonation
- act of crime
- act of criminality
- act of curatory
- act of defence
- act of dominion
- act of force
- act of God
- act of governmental power
- act of grace
- act of honour
- act of hostility
- act of indemnity
- act of insolvency
- act of international terrorism
- act of law
- act of legislation
- act of legislature
- act of man
- act of misfeasance
- act of mutiny
- act of oblivion
- act of omission
- act of outrage
- act of piracy
- act of possession
- act of preparation
- act of prince
- act of protest
- act of providence
- act of public nature
- act of reprisal
- act of sale
- act of sederunt
- act of state
- act of state doctrine
- act of territorial legislature
- act of terrorism
- act of use
- act of violence
- abusive act
- actual criminal act
- administrative act
- adoptive act
- amended act
- amending act
- ancillary act
- arbitrary act
- assaultive act
- attempted act
- authorized act
- bilateral act
- cited act
- congressional act
- constituent act
- continuous act
- covert act
- criminal act
- criminal act on trial
- curative act
- dead man's acts
- declarative act
- declaratory act
- deliberate act
- enabling act
- excessive act
- excusable act
- executive act
- felonious act
- final act
- forbidden act
- general act
- grossly indecent act
- habitual criminal act
- hodge-podge act
- homicidal act
- indecent act
- injurious act
- intended act
- international act
- internationally injurious act
- internationally wrongful act
- judicial act
- juristic act
- justifiable act
- lawful act
- legal act
- legislative act
- malicious act
- ministerial act
- multilateral act
- mutinous act
- negative act
- negligent act
- notarial act
- obsolete act
- official act
- omnibus act
- open act
- organic act
- overt act
- particular act
- penal act
- positive act
- premeditated act
- principal act
- prior act
- private act
- prohibited act
- public act
- punishable act
- repeated acts affecting body
- repressive act
- single act
- socially dangerous act
- special act
- specific act
- statutory act
- supplemental act
- survival act
- tortious act
- unauthorized act
- unconstitutional act
- uniform act
- unilateral act
- unintended act
- unlawful act
- unpremeditated act
- untitled act
- violent act
- voluntary act
- wilful act
- withdrawn act
- working act
- wrong act
- wrongful act
- justified act -
5 θεῖος
θεῖος (A), α, ον: late [dialect] Ep. [full] θέειος Procl.H.2.16; [full] θεήϊος Bion Fr.15.9; late [dialect] Aeol. [full] θήϊος Epigr.Gr.989.4 ([place name] Balbilla); [dialect] Lacon. [full] σεῖος (v. infr. 1.3): [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup. θειότερος, -ότατος, freq. in Pl., Phdr. 279a, Mx. 244d, al.: ([etym.] θεός):1 of or from the gods, divine,γένος Il.6.180
;ὀμφή 2.41
; Ὄνειρος ib.22;ἐπιπνοίαις A.Supp. 577
, cf. Pl.R. 499c; ; (lyr.); νόσος ib. 185 (lyr.) (but θ. νόσος, of a dust-storm, Id.Ant. 421);κίνδυνοι And.1.139
; θ. τινὶ μοίρᾳ by divine intervention, X.HG7.5.10;θ. τύχῃ γεγονώς Hdt.1.126
;θ. τύχῃ χρεώμενος Id.3.139
; θ. κἀπόνῳ τύχῃ, of an easy death, S.OC 1585;ἐκ θ. τύχης Id.Ph. 1326
;ἔμαθε ὡς θ. εἴη τὸ πρῆγμα Hdt.6.69
;ὁ θ. νόμος Th.3.82
; φύσις θ. SIG1125.8 ([place name] Eleusis), cf. 2 Ep.Pet.1.4; appointed of God,βασιλῆες Od.4.691
; σκῆπτρον given by God, S.Ph. 139 (lyr.); v. infr. 2.2 belonging or sacred to a god, holy, ἀγών, χορός, Il.7.298, Od. 8.264; under divine protection, πύργος, δόμος, Il.21.526, Od.4.43; of heralds and bards, Il.4.192, Od.4.17, al.; so perh., of kings, ib. 691.3 morethan human, of heroes,Ὀδυσσεύς Il.2.335
, al., Cratin. 144.4 (lyr.);θ. ἀνήρ Pi.P.6.38
, A.Ag. 1548 (lyr.), Pl.R. 331e, Men. 99d (esp. at Sparta ([dialect] Lacon. σεῖος), Arist.EN 1145a29; ὦ θεῖε (in the mouth of a Spartan) Pl.Lg. 626c);μετὰ σοῦ τῆς θείας κεφαλῆς Id.Phdr. 234d
, cf. Them.Or.9.128a, Lib.Or.19.66.b of things, excellent,θεῖον ποτόν Od.2.341
, 9.205;ἁλὸς θείοιο Il.9.214
; θ. πρήγματα marvellous things, Hdt.2.66;ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον Id.7.137
.4 = Lat. divinus (or sacer), Imperial, διατάξεις prob. in BGU473.5 ( 200 A.D.), etc.; (iv A.D.); θ. ὅρκος oath by the Emperor, POxy.83.6 (iv A.D.), etc.; θειότατος, of living Emperors, Inscr.Prien.105.22 (9 B.C.), etc.b = Lat. divus, of deified Emperors, θ. Σεβαστός Edict.Claud. ap.J.AJ19.5.3, cf.Inscr.Perg. 283 (iii A.D.), Lyd.Mag.2.3.II as Subst., θεῖον, τό, the Divinity, Hdt.1.32,3.108, al., A.Ch. 958 (lyr.);τοῦ θ. χάριν Th.5.70
; ἡμαρτηκότα εἰς τὸ θ. Pl.Phdr. 242c.2 in an abstract sense, divinity, κεκοινώνηκε.. τοῦ θ. ib. 246d; ἢ μόνον μετέχει τοῦ θ..., ἢ μάλιστα [ἄνθρωπος] Arist.PA 656a8, etc.; κατὰ θεῖον or κατά τι θ., Aen.Gaz.Thphr.p.37 B., p.4 B.3 θεῖα, τά, the acts of the gods, course of providence, S.Ph. 452, etc.;τὰ θ. θνητοὺς ὄντας εὐπετῶς φέρειν S.Fr. 585
;τὰ θ. μὴ φαύλως φέρειν Ar.Av. 961
.b matters of religion, ἔρρει τὰ θ. religion is no more, S.OT 910 (lyr.), cf. OC 1537, X.Cyr.8.8.2, etc.c inquiries concerning the divine, Pl.Sph. 232c; τὰ φανερὰ τῶν θείων, i.e. the heavenly bodies, Arist.Metaph. 1026a18, cf. GA 731b24, Ph. 196a33 ([comp] Sup.), EN 1141b1.III Adv. θείως by divine providence,θ. πως X.Cyr.4.2.1
, etc.; θειοτέρως by special providence, Hdt.1.122; μᾶλλόν τι καὶ -ότερον ib. 174.------------------------------------θεῖος (B), ὁ,A one's father's or mother's brother, uncle, E.IT 930, Ar. Nu. 124, And.1.18, 117, Pl.Chrm. 154b, Men.5 D., etc.; ὁ πρὸς μητρὸς θ. Is.5.10;πρὸς πατρός Ph.2.172
. (Cf. τήθη.) -
6 Mungu
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] Mungu[English Word] God[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 1[Derived Word] uungu, umungu------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mungu[Swahili Plural] miungu[English Word] god[English Plural] gods[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4an[Derived Word] uungu, umungu[Swahili Example] Miungu imetushukia katika umbo la binadamu! (http://bible.gospelcom.net/passage/?search=ACTS%2014:11;&version=75; Matendo ya Mitume 14.11)[English Example] The gods are come down to us in the likeness of men. (http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Act/Act014.html\#11 Acts of the Apostles 14.11)[Note] (polytheism)------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mungu[Swahili Plural] miungu[English Word] fate[English Plural] fates[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] uungu, umungu------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mungu[Swahili Plural] miungu[English Word] destiny[English Plural] destinies[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] uungu, umungu------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mungu[English Word] providence[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3[Derived Word] uungu, umungu------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -a Mungu[English Word] pathetic[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Word] idiomatic[Swahili Example] jinsi anavyoona vibaya [...] kumdhulumu yule mzee wa Mungu [Sul], Fikirini, kimbaumbau cha Mungu, alitoa fikra zake [Moh]------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -a Mungu[English Word] deserving sympathy[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Word] idiomatic------------------------------------------------------------ -
7 непреодолимая сила
1) General subject: compelling force2) Law: act of God, act of providence, actus Dei, casus fortuitus, element, elements, force-majeure, superior power, vis maior, insuperable force, irresistible force (АД), superior force (АД)3) Economy: force majeure, vis major4) EBRD: acts of God5) leg.N.P. irresistible natureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > непреодолимая сила
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8 стихийное бедствие
1) General subject: act of God, casuality2) Military: disaster3) Construction: natural hazard4) Law: act of God (служащее оправданием нарушения обязательства), act of Providence, natural catastrophe, natural calamity-, action of the elements5) Insurance: act of nature6) Automobile industry: natural disaster7) Ecology: elemental calamity8) Business: act of the elements, elemental disaster, natural calamity, natural hazards9) EBRD: acts of God10) leg.N.P. distress caused by the elements11) Makarov: an act of God, war of the elements12) Security: hazardУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > стихийное бедствие
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9 форс-мажор
1) General subject: contingency2) Latin: vis major3) Law: act of God, act of providence, actus Dei, element, elements, force majeure, force-majeure4) Business: acts of God -
10 обстоятельство
сущ.circumstance; condition; factвыявлять (выяснять) обстоятельства — ( дела) to find out (reveal) the circumstances
учитывать смягчающие обстоятельства — to consider attenuating (extenuating, mitigating) circumstances
в связи с существенным изменением обстоятельств — in connection (connected) with a substantional change of circumstances
в соответствии с обстоятельствами дела — in accordance with (in compliance / in conformity with) the circumstances of the case
при возникновении исключительных обстоятельств — under exceptional circumstances; when exceptional circumstances arise
выяснение (расследование) (сложных) обстоятельств (международного спора) — inquiry into (investigation of) the (complicated) circumstances (of an international dispute)
исследование (расследование) обстоятельств — ( дела) investigation of circumstances
обстоятельства непреодолимой силы — acts of God (of Providence); force majeure; superior force
обстоятельства, отягчающие наказание — circumstances aggravating penalty (punishment)
обстоятельства, смягчающие наказание — circumstances mitigating penalty (punishment)
обстоятельства, устраняющие судью от участия в рассмотрении дела — facts disqualifying a judge
обстоятельство, способствовавшее совершению преступления — contributing cause of an offence
- обстоятельство являющееся доказательствомчрезвычайные обстоятельства, семейные обстоятельства — (family) emergency
- благоприятные обстоятельства
- исключительные обстоятельства
- конкретные обстоятельства дела
- непредвиденные обстоятельства
- несущественные обстоятельства
- основные обстоятельства
- особые обстоятельства
- отягчающие обстоятельства
- смягчающие обстоятельства
- сопутствующие обстоятельства
- уличающее обстоятельство
- фактические обстоятельства -
11 ἀπόστολος
ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ (s. ἀποστέλλω). In older Gk. (Lysias, Demosth.) and later (e.g. Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 53 p. 257, 21 Jac. [Strabo 3, 5, 5]) ὁ ἀ. is a naval expedition, prob. also its commander (Anecd. Gr. 217, 26). τὸ ἀπόστολον with (Pla., Ep. 7, 346a) or without (Vi. Hom. 19) πλοῖον means a ship ready for departure. In its single occurrence in Jos. (Ant. 17, 300; it is not found elsewh. in Jewish-Gk. lit.) it prob. means ‘sending out’; in pap mostly ‘bill of lading’ (s. Preisigke, Fachwörter 1915), less freq. ‘certificate of clearance (at a port)’ (BGU V §64 [II A.D.]=Gnomon des Idios Logos). It can also be ‘letter of authorization (relating to shipping)’: Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 443, 10 (15 A.D.); PHerm 6, 11f (cp. Dig. 49, 6, 1 litteras dimissorias sive apostolos). In contrast, in isolated cases it refers to persons who are dispatched for a specific purpose, and the context determines the status or function expressed in such Eng. terms as ‘ambassador, delegate, messenger’ (Hdt. 1, 21; 5, 38; Synesius, Providence 2, 3 p. 122a ἀπόστολοι of ordinary messengers; Sb 7241, 48; BGU 1741, 6 [64 B.C.]; 3 Km 14:6A; Is 18:2 Sym.). Cp. KLake, The Word Ἀ.: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 46–52. It is this isolated usage that is preferred in the NT w. nuances peculiar to its lit. But the extensive use of ἀποστέλλω in documents relating to pers. of merit engaged in administrative service prob. encouraged NT use of the noun, thus in effect disavowing assoc. w. the type of itinerant philosophers that evoked the kind of pejorative term applied by Paul’s audience Ac 17:18.① of messengers without extraordinary status delegate, envoy, messenger (opp. ὁ πέμψας) J 13:16. Of Epaphroditus, messenger of the Philippians Phil 2:25.—2 Cor 8:23.② of messengers with extraordinary status, esp. of God’s messenger, envoy (cp. Epict. 3, 22, 23 of Cynic wise men: ἄγγελος ἀπὸ τ. Διὸς ἀπέσταλται).ⓐ of prophets Lk 11:49; Rv 18:20; cp. 2:2; Eph 3:5.ⓑ of Christ (w. ἀρχιερεύς) Hb 3:1 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:1 p. 25, 29 T.; Just., A I, 12, 9; the extra-Christian firman Sb 7240, 4f οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς μόνος. Μααμετ ἀπόστολος θεοῦ). GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 26ff.ⓒ but predominately in the NT (of the apologists, only Just.) of a group of highly honored believers w. a special function as God’s envoys. Also Judaism had a figure known as apostle (שָׁלִיחַ; Schürer III 124f w. sources and lit.; Billerb. III 1926, 2–4; JTruron, Theology 51, ’48, 166–70; 341–43; GDix, ibid. 249–56; 385f; JBühner, art. ἄ. in EDNT I 142–46). In Christian circles, at first ἀ. denoted one who proclaimed the gospel, and was not strictly limited: Paul freq. calls himself an ἀ.: Ro 1:1; 11:13; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1f; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:1; Col 1:1; 1 Ti 1:1; 2:7; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1.—1 Cl 47:1. Of Barnabas Ac 14:14; 15:2. Of Andronicus and Junia (less prob. Junias, s. Ἰουνία) Ro 16:7. Of James, the Lord’s brother Gal 1:19. Of Peter 1 Pt 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1. Then esp. of the 12 apostles οἱ δώδεκα ἀ. (cp. ParJer 9:20; AscIs 3:21; 4:3) Mt 10:2; Mk 3:14; Lk 22:14 (v.l. οἱ δώδεκα); cp. 6:13; 9:10; 17:5; Ac 1:26 (P-HMenoud, RHPR 37 ’57, 71–80); Rv 21:14; PtK 3 p. 15, 18. Peter and the apostles Ac 2:37; 5:29. Paul and apostles Pol 9:1 (cp. AcPlTh Aa I, 235 app. of Thecla). Gener. the apostles Mk 6:30; Lk 24:10; 1 Cor 4:9; 9:5; 15:7; 2 Cor 11:13; 1 Th 2:7; Ac 1:2; 2:42f; 4:33, 35, 37; 5:2, 12, 18, 34 v.l., 40; 6:6; 8:1, 14, 18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4; 2 Pt 3:2; Jd 17; IEph 11:2; IMg 7:1; 13:2; ITr 2:2; 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 5:1; ISm 8:1; D ins; 11:3, 6. As a governing board, w. the elders Ac 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4. As possessors of the most important spiritual gift 1 Cor 12:28f. Proclaimers of the gospel 1 Cl 42:1f; B 5:9; Hs 9, 17, 1. Prophesying strife 1 Cl 44:1. Working miracles 2 Cor 12:12. W. overseers, teachers and attendants Hv 3, 5, 1; Hs 9, 15, 4; w. teachers Hs 9, 25, 2; w. teachers, preaching to those who had fallen asleep Hs 9, 16, 5; w. var. Christian officials IMg 6:1; w. prophets Eph 2:20; D 11:3; Pol 6:3. Christ and the apostles as the foundation of the church IMg 13:1; ITr 12; 2; cp. Eph 2:20. οἱ ἀ. and ἡ ἐκκλησία w. the three patriarchs and the prophets IPhld 9:1. The Holy Scriptures named w. the ap. 2 Cl 14:2 (sim. ApcSed 14:10 p. 136, 17 Ja.). Paul ironically refers to his opponents (or the original apostles; s. s.v. ὑπερλίαν) as οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀ. the super-apostles 2 Cor 11:5; 12:11. The orig. apostles he calls οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀ. Gal 1:17; AcPlCor 2:4.—Harnack, Mission4 I 1923, 332ff (Eng. tr. I 319–31). WSeufert, D. Urspr. u. d. Bed. d. Apostolates 1887; EHaupt, Z. Verständnis d. Apostolates im NT 1896; EMonnier, La notion de l’Apostolat des origines à Irénée 1903; PBatiffol, RB n.s. 3, 1906, 520–32; Wlh., Einleitung2, 1911, 138–47; EBurton, AJT 16, 1912, 561–88, Gal comm. 1921, 363–84; RSchütz, Apostel u. Jünger 1921; EMeyer I 265ff; III 255ff. HVogelstein, Development of the Apostolate in Judaism, etc.: HUCA 2, 1925, 99–123; JWagenmann, D. Stellg. d. Ap. Pls neben den Zwölf 1926; WMundle, D. Apostelbild der AG: ZNW 27, 1928, 36–54; KRengstorf, TW I 406–46 (s. critique by HConzelmann, The Theol. of St. Luke ’60, 216, n. 1), Apost. u. Predigtamt ’34; J-LLeuba, Rech. exégét. rel. à l’apostolat dans le NT, diss. Neuchâtel ’36; PSaintyves, Deux mythes évangéliques, Les 12 apôtres et les 72 disciples ’38; GSass, Apostelamt u. Kirche … paulin. Apostelbegr. ’39; EKäsemann, ZNW 40, ’41, 33–71; RLiechtenhan, D. urchr. Mission ’46; ESchweizer, D. Leben d. Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; AFridrichsen, The Apostle and His Message ’47; HvCampenhausen, D. urchristl. Apostelbegr.: StTh 1, ’47, 96–130; HMosbech, ibid. 2, ’48, 166–200; ELohse, Ursprung u. Prägung des christl. Apostolates: TZ 9, ’53, 259–75; GKlein, Die 12 Apostel, ’60; FHahn, Mission in the NT, tr. FClarke, ’65; WSchmithals, The Office of the Apostle, tr. JSteely, ’69; KKertelge, Das Apostelamt des Paulus, BZ 14, ’70, 161–81. S. also ἐκκλησία end, esp. Holl and Kattenbusch; also HBetz, Hermeneia: Gal ’79, 74f (w. additional lit.); FAgnew, On the Origin of the Term ἀπόστολος: CBQ 38, ’76, 49–53 (survey of debate); KHaacker, NovT 30, ’88, 9–38 (Acts). Ins evidence (s. e.g. SIG index) relating to the verb ἀποστέλλω is almost gener. ignored in debate about the meaning of the noun.—DELG s.v. στέλλω A. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
12 ὁδός
ὁδός, οῦ, ἡ (Hom.+) gener. an established ‘way’ or ‘course’ such as a road or channel of a river.① a way for traveling or moving from one place to another, way, road, highway, used by pers. or impers. entities: Mt 2:12; 21:8ab; Mk 11:8; Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4 v.l.); 19:36 al.; ἑτέρα ὁδ. Js 2:25. ἡ ὁδ. ἡ Καμπανή=Lat. Via Campana the Campanian Way Hv 4, 1, 2 (s. MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.; Hülsen, Pauly-W. III 1434); described as ἡ ὁδ. ἡ δημοσία the public highway ibid. (s. δημόσιος 1). τὴν βασιλικήν AcPl Ant 13 (τὴν β. ὁδόν Aa I 237, 4). ἡ ὁδ. ἡ καταβαίνουσα ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ εἰς Γάζαν Ac 8:26. παρέρχεσθαι διὰ τῆς ὁδ. pass by (a certain place) on the road Mt 8:28 (on διὰ τ. ὁδ. cp. Philo, Abr. 269; ParJer 3:21). πίπτειν εἰς τὴν ὁδ. fall on the road Hv 3, 7, 1a. ἔρχεσθαι εἰς τὴν ὁδ., μένειν ἐν τῇ ὁδ. v 3, 2, 9a. κυλίεσθαι ἐκ τῆς ὁδ. roll off the road 3, 2, 9b and 3, 7, 1b. Of a fig tree ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ by the roadside Mt 21:19. Of beggars καθῆσθαι παρὰ τὴν ὁδ. sit by the roadside 20:30; Mk 10:46; Lk 18:35 (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Εὔτρησις: κώμη … κεῖται παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν), but along the way also merits attention (cp. παρὰ τὰς ὁδούς Antig. Car. 29). Of seed that is sown πίπτειν παρὰ τὴν ὁδ. fall along the road (Dalman, PJ 22, 1926, 121ff) Mt 13:4; Mk 4:4; Lk 8:5; cp. Mt 13:19; Mk 4:15; Lk 8:12. ἐξέρχεσθαι εἰς τὰς ὁδ. go out into the streets Mt 22:10; Lk 14:23; for διεξόδους τῶν ὁδ. Mt 22:9 s. διέξοδος; καταβαίνειν ἐν τῇ ὁδ. go down the road Lk 10:31. πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὴν ὁδ. go on along the highway Ac 8:36. AcPl Ant 13, 20 (sc. ὁδόν after AcPlTh 3=Aa I 237, 4). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἤρχου (by attraction for ἣν ἤρ.; X., An. 2, 2, 10) 9:17. ἑτοιμάζειν τὴν ὁδ. τινος prepare someone’s way Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4 (all after Is 40:3); cp. Lk 1:76 and for the pass. Rv 16:12. Also κατασκευάζειν τὴν ὁδ. τινος Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27. εὐθύνειν τὴν ὁδ. τινος J 1:23. κατευθύνειν τὴν ὁδ. τινος 1 Th 3:11 (PsSol 8:6).—W. obj. gen. to indicate direction (Gen 3:24) Mt 10:5 (s. 3a below); Hb 9:8.—The acc. ὁδόν, following the Hebr.דֶּרֶךְ, and contrary to customary Gk. usage (but single cases of ὁδός take on the functions of adverbs or prepositions in the Gk. language as well: cp. Diog. L. 7, 156; Synes., Providence 1, 8 ὁδῷ βαδίζειν=‘go straight forward’; Appian, Hann. 47 §201 ὁδὸν ἐλάσσονα by a shorter [or the shortest] way; Plut., Mor. 371c.—The nearest parallel to the NT usage cited below would be the report of Diog. L. 9, 8 concerning Heraclitus: τὴν μεταβολὴν ὁδὸν ἄνω κάτω γίνεσθαι, if it might be translated: ‘Change [in the universe] is accomplished in an upward and downward direction’.) is used as a prep. toward (Dt 11:30; 3 Km 8:48; 18:43 ὁδὸν τῆς θαλάσσης. Cp. B-D-F §161, 1) ὁδ. θαλάσσης toward the sea Mt 4:15 (Is 8:23 LXX, Aq., Sym.).—LCasson, Travel in the Ancient World ’74; OEANE IV 431–34.② the action of traveling, way, trip, journey, transf. sense of 1 (Hes., Theogon. 754; X., Mem. 3, 13, 5; Herodian 2, 11, 1; JosAs 9:4 al.; Just., D. 85, 5) εἰς (τὴν) ὁδ. for the trip/journey (Jos., Ant. 12, 198) Mt 10:10; Mk 6:8; Lk 9:3; on the way Mk 10:17. ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way (Gen 45:24; Jos., Ant. 6, 55; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 2, end) Mt 15:32; 20:17; Mk 8:3, 27; 9:33f; 10:52; Lk 9:57; 12:58; 24:32; Ac 9:27. τὰ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ what had happened to them on the way Lk 24:35. εἶναι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Mt 5:25; Mk 10:32. ἐξ ὁδοῦ from a trip (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 91 §418; Damasc., Vi. Isid. 203 p. 138, 8 W.; Jos., Vi. 246; 248 ἐκ τ. ὁδοῦ) Lk 11:6. ἔκαμνον ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ GJs 15:1. κατὰ τὴν ὁδ. along the way (Arrian, Anab. 1, 26, 5; 3, 19, 3; PKöln VI, 245, 20 καθʼ ὁδόν ‘on my way’; Jos., Ant. 8, 404; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 2) 10:4; Ac 25:3; 26:13. ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς ὁδοῦ halfway GJs 17:3. τ. ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ πορεύεσθαι go on his way Ac 8:39 (cp. X., Cyr. 5, 2, 22; TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 2 [Stone p. 60]). πορεύεσθαι τῇ ὁδῷ 1 Cl 12:4. ὁδὸν ποιεῖν make one’s way (Judg 17:8) Mk 2:23; s. ὁδοποιέω.—σαββάτου ὁδός a Sabbath day’s trip could also belong under 1; it signified the distance an Israelite might travel on the Sabbath, two thousand paces or cubits (=about 800 meters.—Mishnah: ˓Erubin 4, 3; 7; 5, 7; Origen, Princ. 4, 17; Schürer II 472f; 484f; Billerb. II 590–94; Moore, Judaism II 32) Ac 1:12. ἡμέρας ὁδός a day’s trip Lk 2:44 (Diod S 19, 17, 3; Appian, Samn. 1 §5; Polyaenus 7, 21, 1; Lucian, Syr. Dea 9; Procop., Aed. 6, 1, 12; cp. Hdt. 4, 101; X., Cyr. 1, 1, 3 παμπόλλων ἡμερῶν ὁδός; Ael. Aristid. 36, 87 K.=48 p. 473 D.: τριῶν ἡμ. ὁδ.; Gen 30:36; 31:23; Ex 3:18; Jdth 2:21; 1 Macc 5:24; 7:45; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 5 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 15, 293).③ course of behavior, way, way of life, fig. ext. of 1 and 2, but oft. w. the picture prominently in mind (SibOr 3, 233; ὁδὸς τις γίνεται one finds a way (out) Did., Gen. 228, 7).ⓐ way εἰς ὁδ. ἐθνῶν μὴ ἀπέλθητε do not go in the way of the Gentiles i.e. do not turn to the Gentiles Mt 10:5 (but s. 1.—JJeremias, Jesu Verheissung für d. Völker, ’56). εὐρύχωρος ἡ ὁδ. ἡ ἀπάγουσα εἰς τὴν ἀπώλειαν 7:13 (Pla., Gorg. 524a τὼ ὁδώ, ἡ μὲν εἰς μακάρων νήσους, ἡ δʼ εἰς Τάρταρον). Also ἡ ὁδ. τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:1; ἡ τοῦ μέλανος ὁδ. 20:1. ἡ τοῦ θανάτου ὁδ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 29) D 5:1. Cp. 1:1 (on this Jer 21:8; TestAsh 1:3, 5 ὁδοὶ δύο, καλοῦ κ. κακοῦ; SibOr 8, 399 ὁδοὶ δύο, ζωῆς θανάτου τε; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 577 D.: δυοῖν ὁδοῖν τὴν μὲν … τὴν δέ.—The two ὁδοί of Heracles: X., Mem. 2, 1, 21ff; Maximus Tyr. 14, 1a; e; k). ὁδ. σκότους 5:4b. Description of the way B 20; D 5:1ff. τεθλιμμένη ἡ ὁδ. ἡ ἀπάγουσα εἰς τὴν ζωήν Mt 7:14 (TestAbr A 2 p. 88, 28 [Stone p. 4]). Also ἡ ὁδ. τῆς ζωῆς D 1:2. ἡ ὁδ. τοῦ φωτός 19:1. Description of the way B 19; D 1–4. ὁδ. εἰρήνης Lk 1:79; Ro 3:17 (Is 59:8; Ps 13:3). ὁδ. ζωῆς Ac 2:28 (Ps 15:11); cp. D 1:2 above. ὁδ. σωτηρίας Ac 16:17. ὁδ. πρόσφατος κ. ζῶσα Hb 10:20. ὁδ. δικαιοσύνης B 1:4; 5:4a (in these two pass. the imagery of ‘way’ is stronger than in Mt 21:32 and 2 Pt 2:21, on the latter two pass. s. below in b). Of love ὁδ. ἡ ἀναφέρουσα εἰς θεόν IEph 9:1 (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 56, 6 [Christ as teacher of the ‘way’]). αὕτη ἡ ὁδ. ἐν ᾗ εὕρομεν τὸ σωτήριον ἡμῶν 1 Cl 36:1.—Christ calls himself ἡ ὁδ. (i.e., to God) J 14:6, cp. 4f (s. Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 28; cp. Iren. 1, 15, 2 [Harv. I 149, 6].—Hdb. and Bultmann [p. 466ff—Engl. 603ff w. other lit.]; JPascher, Η ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΗ ΟΔΟΣ; D. Königsweg. z. Wiedergeb. u. Vergottung b. Philon v. Alex. ’31).ⓑ way of life, way of acting, conduct (Did., Gen. 168, 8) (ἡ) ὁδ. (τῆς) δικαιοσύνης (Pr 21:16, 21; Job 24:13); En 99:10; Mt 21:32 (ἐν ὁδῷ δικ. [cp. Pr 8:20] denotes either the way of life practiced by the Baptist [Zahn; OHoltzmann] or the type of conduct he demanded [described in Just., D. 38, 2 as ἡ τοῦ βαπτίσματο ὁδ.; cp. HHoltzmann; BWeiss; JWeiss; EKlostermann; Schniewind]. S. JKleist, CBQ 8, ’46, 192–96); 2 Pt 2:21. τῇ ὁδ. αὐτοῦ ἐπλανήθη he went astray in his path (=‘in his conduct’) 1 Cl 16:6 (Is 53:6). ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ from his misguided way of life Js 5:20. ἡ ὁδ. τῆς ἀληθείας (Ps 118:30) vs. 19 v.l. (cp. 2 Pt 2:2 in c below); 1 Cl 35:5. ἀφιέναι τὴν ὁδ. τὴν ἀληθινήν Hv 3, 7, 1. τῇ ὁδ. τοῦ Κάϊν πορεύεσθαι follow the way of Cain Jd 11. ὁδ. δικαίων, ἀσεβῶν 11:7 (Ps 1:6). (ἡ) ὁδ. (ἡ) δικαία (Jos., Ant. 13, 290) 12:4; 2 Cl 5:7. τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδ. ἔχει the way of righteousness is a straight one Hm 6, 1, 2. τῇ ὀρθῇ ὁδ. πορεύεσθαι ibid.; cp. 6, 1, 4 (Just., D. 8, 2). Opp. ἡ στρεβλὴ ὁδ. the crooked way 6, 1, 3. θέωμεν τὴν ὁδ. τὴν εὐθεῖαν let us run the straight course 2 Cl 7:3; cp. 2 Pt 2:15. Of life in association w. polytheists αὕτη ἡ ὁδ. ἡδυτέρα αὐτοῖς ἐφαίνετο Hs 8, 9, 1. The basic mng. has disappeared to such a degree that one can speak of καρποὶ τῆς ὁδ. 1 Cl 57:6 (Pr 1:31) and ἔργα τῆς πονηρᾶς ὁδ. 4:10.—Pl. ways, of one’s total conduct Ac 14:16; Ro 3:16 (Is 59:7; Ps 13:3a; PsSol 6:2; 10:4 al.; ApcSed 15:5); Js 1:8; Hv 2, 2, 6. Esp. of the ways of God, referring either to the ways that God initiates: ὡς … ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδ. αὐτοῦ how inscrutable are his ways Ro 11:33; δίκαιαι καὶ ἀληθιναὶ αἱ ὁδ. σου Rv 15:3; αἱ ὁδ. τῆς εὐλογίας the ways of blessing 1 Cl 31:1; or to the ways that humans should take: οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὰς ὁδ. μου Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10). διαστρέφειν τὰς ὁδοὺς τοῦ κυρίου Ac 13:10. διδάσκειν τὰς ὁδ. σου 1 Cl 18:13 (Ps 50:15). Likew. the sing. τὴν ὁδ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ διδάσκειν Mt 22:16; cp. Mk 12:14; Lk 20:21. ἀφιέναι τὴν ὁδ. τοῦ θεοῦ ApcPt 20:34. παρέβησαν ἐκ τῆς ὁδ. 1 Cl 53:2 (Ex 32:8).ⓒ of the whole way of life fr. a moral and spiritual viewpoint, the way, teaching in the most comprehensive sense (Lucian, Hermot. 46 ὁδ. of the doctrine of a philosophical school Just., D. 39, 2 ἀπολείποντας τήν ὁδ. τῆς πλάνης; 142, 3 διὰ ταύτης τῆς ὁδοῦ), and specif. of teaching and manner of life relating to Jesus Christ (SMcCasland, JBL 77, ’58, 222–30: Qumran parallels) κατὰ τὴν ὁδ. ἣν λέγουσιν αἵρεσιν according to the Way, which they call a (heterodox) sect Ac 24:14. ἐάν τινας εὕρῃ τῆς ὁδ. ὄντας if he should find people who belonged to the Way 9:2. ὁδ. κυρίου, θεοῦ of teaching relating to Jesus and God’s purpose 18:25f. κακολογεῖν τὴν ὁδ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ πλήθους 19:9. ταύτην τὴν ὁδ. διώκειν persecute this religion 22:4. ἐγένετο τάραχος περὶ τῆς ὁδ. there arose a disturbance concerning the Way 19:23. τὰ περὶ τῆς ὁδ. (the things) concerning the teaching 24:22. ἡ ὁδὸς τ. ἀληθείας of the true Christian teaching (in contrast to that of dissidents vs. 1) 2 Pt 2:2 (OdeSol 11:3). Of the way of love καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὁδ. a far better way 1 Cor 12:31. ἡ ὁδ. τῆς δικαιοσύνης ApcPt 7:22; 13:28. Likew. the pl. (En 104:13 μαθεῖν ἐξ αὐτῶν [τ. βίβλων] πάσας τ. ὁδοὺς τῆς ἀληθείας) τὰς ὁδούς μου ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησου my Christian directives (i.e. instructions, teachings) 1 Cor 4:17.—OBecker, D. Bild des Weges u. verwandte Vorstellungen im frühgriech. Denken ’37; FNötscher, Gotteswege u. Menschenwege in d. Bibel u. in Qumran, ’58; ERepo, D. Weg als Selbstbezeichnung des Urchr., ’64 (but s. CBurchard, Der 13te Zeuge, ’70, 43, n. 10; JPathrapankal, Christianity as a ‘Way’ according to the Acts of the Apostles: Les Actes des Apôtres, Traditions, redaction, théologie, ed. JKremer ’79, 533–39 [reflects Is 40:3 and the emphasis on דרך in CD and 1QS: the ‘dynamism of Christianity’ is ‘Way of Life’]).—B. 717; 720. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.
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